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Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton
Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton,〔"According to modern usage this lady would be titled princess, but the sons and daughters of the Kings of Scotland were seldom given that style of courtesy until after the union of the Crowns." Maxwell, ''House of Douglas'', Vol. 1, p. 239, note 2.〕 also called Joanna (c. 1428–aft. 16 October 1486), was the daughter of James I, King of Scotland, and the wife of James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton. She was known, in Latin, as the ''muta domina'' (lady ) of Dalkeith.
==Life==
Born in Scotland ,〔It is not known exactly when and where was Joan born. But Maxwell believed that she “must have been of at least marriageable age at the time of her nuptials, because, 18 years before, she had been betrothed to James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Angus . . . ” See: Maxwell, ''House of Douglas'', Vol. 1, p. 238, note 1. In the 1440s, it was common for noble daughters to be married at 13, 14 or 15. (See: Elizabeth Ewen, ('The Early Modern Family' ) in T(). M(). Devine and Jenny Wormald, eds., ''The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 271 ISBN 0199563691). Marriages could be arranged even when children were still in their cradles. The actual marriage required consent which could be given as early as age 7, but could also be voided until the girl was 12 and the boy 14. See: Eileen Power, Maxine Berg, ''Medieval Women'' (Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 31–32 ISBN 1107650151〕 she was the third daughter of James I of Scotland and Joan Beaufort.〔''The Scots Peerage, Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland'', Vol. I, ed. James Balfour Paul (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1904), p. 18〕 Joan had two older brothers, including the future King of Scotland, James II, and five sisters.〔 She had “the misfortune to be deaf and dumb”,〔''The Scots Peerage, Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland'', Vol. VI, ed. James Balfour Paul (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1909), (p. 356 )〕 and was known as ''muta domina'' or “the mute lady”.〔Herbert Maxwell, ''A History of the House of Douglas, From the Earliest Times Down to the Legislative Union of England and Scotland'', Vol. 1 (London: Fremantle & Co., 1902), (p. 238 )〕 Joan was reported to have used sign language to communicate, even in public (although it was considered at that time to be impolite).〔Anonymous, “Deaf People in History: Joanna Stewart, Countess of Morton”, ''Deaf Life'', Vol. XVIII, No. 2 (February 2013), pp. 12-15〕
Joan was originally contracted to marry James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Angus on 18 October 1440, but he died (without issue) in 1446 before the marriage could take place.〔George Edward Cokayne ''The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant Extinct or Dormant'', Vol. 1, ed. Vicary Gibbs (London: The St. Catherine Press Ltd., 1910), (p. 155, note c )〕 In 1445 she was sent to France and did not return home to Scotland until 1457.〔Maxwell dates her return to "the spring of 1458". See: Maxwell, ''House of Douglas'', Vol. 1, p. 238.〕〔 She had been promised in marriage to the Dauphin of France but the marriage did not take place, probably due to her inability to articulate.〔This Dauphin of France was the future King of France, Louis XI. At that time, he was the widower of Joan's older sister Margaret, who died childless on 16 August 1444. See: ''Scots Peerage'', Vol. I, p. 19.〕〔Jessica Gile, ''The History of Dalkeith House and Estate'' (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, 2003), p. 3〕 Joan married James Douglas, 4th Baron Dalkeith before 15 May 1459, who at the time of their marriage was raised to the peerage as the first Earl of Morton.〔''The Scots Peerage, Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland'', Vol. VI, ed. James Balfour Paul (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1909), pp. 354, 356〕 They were granted a dispensation on 7 January 1463-4 for being consanguineous in the second and third degrees.〔''The Scots Peerage, Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland'', Vol. VI, ed. James Balfour Paul (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1909), p. 356 n. 3〕 Joan and her husband James were both aware of their close relationships but were persuaded to marry by her brother King James II of Scotland and applied for the dispensation to legitimize their marriage.〔While the marriage between Joan and James was legitimized by papal dispensation, in 1562 Hugh Montgomerie, 3rd Earl of Eglinton, divorced his countess, Joanna Hamilton, on grounds of consanguinity, Joan Stewart, the ''muta domina'', being their common ancestress. See: ''Notes and Queries'', Tenth Series, Vol. II (July–December, 1904), p. 56.〕〔 The Countess Joanna died in 1493, predeceasing her husband, James, by several months.〔
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